Fatehpur Sikri: The Abandoned Mughal Capital

Introduction

Fatehpur Sikri, located in the Agra district of Uttar Pradesh, is a magnificent example of Mughal architecture and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Often referred to as a “ghost city,” this historical site was the short-lived capital of the Mughal Empire under Emperor Akbar from 1571 to 1585. Despite its brief tenure as the capital, Fatehpur Sikri remains a masterpiece of Indo-Islamic architecture, offering visitors a glimpse into the grandeur and sophistication of the Mughal era.

History

Fatehpur Sikri was established by Emperor Akbar to commemorate the birth of his son, Jahangir, after a prophecy by the Sufi saint Sheikh Salim Chishti. Akbar chose this site for his new capital and initiated the construction of a grand city that would serve as a testament to his rule and vision. The city was strategically located on a ridge, providing a vantage point over the surrounding plains.

The construction of Fatehpur Sikri was completed in about 15 years, and it was designed as an elaborate complex of palaces, public buildings, mosques, and living quarters. The city reflects Akbar’s syncretic approach to religion and culture, blending Hindu, Persian, and Islamic architectural styles. However, due to water scarcity and other logistical challenges, Fatehpur Sikri was abandoned shortly after it was built, and the capital was shifted back to Agra.

Architectural Highlights

Fatehpur Sikri is a city of red sandstone, and its architecture is a blend of various cultural influences, reflecting Akbar’s inclusive outlook. The complex is divided into various sections, each with its own unique features.

1. Buland Darwaza: The Buland Darwaza, or the “Gate of Magnificence,” is the most iconic structure in Fatehpur Sikri. Standing at 54 meters, it is one of the largest gateways in the world and serves as the main entrance to the Jama Masjid, the city’s grand mosque. The gateway is adorned with intricate carvings and inscriptions, reflecting the grandeur of Mughal architecture.

2. Jama Masjid: The Jama Masjid is one of the largest mosques in India and is a central feature of Fatehpur Sikri. Built in 1571, it is an excellent example of Mughal architecture, with its vast courtyard, beautiful prayer halls, and elegant minarets. The mosque was designed to accommodate thousands of worshippers and remains an important place of pilgrimage.

3. Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chishti: One of the most revered sites within Fatehpur Sikri is the Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chishti. This white marble mausoleum, located within the courtyard of the Jama Masjid, is a beautiful structure with intricate latticework, or jalis, and is considered a fine example of Mughal craftsmanship. The tomb continues to attract pilgrims who believe in the saint’s blessings.

4. Diwan-i-Khas: The Diwan-i-Khas, or the Hall of Private Audience, is another architectural gem within Fatehpur Sikri. This hall was used by Akbar to meet with his ministers and dignitaries. The central feature of this hall is the ornately carved central pillar, which supports a platform where Akbar would sit and address his audience.

5. Panch Mahal: The Panch Mahal is a five-storied palace that served as a pleasure pavilion for the emperor and his court. Each floor of the Panch Mahal is smaller than the one below it, creating a pyramidal structure. The open design of the palace allowed for natural ventilation and provided panoramic views of the city and surrounding countryside.

Reaching Fatehpur Sikri

Fatehpur Sikri is located about 40 kilometers west of Agra and is well-connected by road and rail, making it easily accessible for tourists.

By Air: The nearest airport to Fatehpur Sikri is the Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Airport (Agra Airport), which is about 45 kilometers away. However, since Agra Airport has limited flights, many tourists prefer to fly to Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi, which is about 230 kilometers away. From Delhi, you can hire a taxi or take a train or bus to reach Fatehpur Sikri.

By Train: Fatehpur Sikri has its own railway station, which is well-connected to Agra and other major cities in Uttar Pradesh. The Agra Cantt railway station, which is the main station in Agra, is about 40 kilometers away. From Agra Cantt, you can take a local train, taxi, or bus to reach Fatehpur Sikri. The journey by train from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri takes about 1 to 1.5 hours.

By Road: Fatehpur Sikri is easily accessible by road from Agra. The journey by car or taxi takes about an hour via the NH21 or the Fatehpur Sikri Road. There are also regular bus services from Agra, including state-run buses and private operators. The road trip offers a scenic route through rural Uttar Pradesh, giving travelers a glimpse of the local countryside.

Conclusion

Fatehpur Sikri is a fascinating destination that offers a unique insight into the Mughal era. Its well-preserved structures and rich history make it a must-visit for history buffs and architecture enthusiasts. Despite being abandoned, the city’s grandeur remains intact, making it one of the most significant tourist attractions in Uttar Pradesh. Whether you’re exploring the grand Buland Darwaza or walking through the quiet courtyards of the palaces, Fatehpur Sikri promises a journey back in time to the golden age of the Mughal Empire. Reaching this historic site is convenient, with multiple transportation options available from Agra and other nearby cities.